An increase in cases of diseases caused by Group A streptococcus, also known as Streptococcus pyogenes or strep A, has been observed in several countries, including Canada. The rise in the number of people with serious illnesses caused by this bacterium, as well as a higher than usual number of deaths from Group A streptococcus infections, has raised concerns and questions about the spread of these infections and the symptoms to watch out for.

Following the decline in COVID-19 infections globally, there has been a significant increase in patients diagnosed with diseases caused by Group A streptococcus in various parts of the world. In Canada, Public Health Ontario has reported a substantial rise in invasive Group A streptococcus cases. Similarly, multiple countries across Europe have also experienced an increase in cases, particularly affecting children under 10 years old.

So, what led to this sudden global concern regarding these bacteria? Understanding the specifics of this disease is essential to comprehend its cause. Group A streptococcus is transmitted exclusively among humans through airborne droplets and person-to-person contact. It can cause various illnesses, including respiratory tract infections such as tonsillitis and pharyngitis, superficial skin infections, and invasive infections like necrotizing fasciitis, septicemia, and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, which pose a significant risk to patients’ lives.

To generate this wide range of diseases in different parts of the body, the organism possesses several factors that promote infection and enable the bacteria to invade, colonize, and survive in various tissues. These factors include molecules such as superantigens, exotoxins, and adhesins, which aid pathogens in evading the host immune system.

A new variant of Group A streptococcus, known as M1UK, has emerged in the United Kingdom and has been associated with an increase in scarlet fever cases and invasive infections. Members of the M1UK sublineage exhibit an enhanced ability to cause disease, posing a significant concern for public health.