The world of particle physics has taken a significant leap forward with recent findings from the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. In a groundbreaking experiment, researchers from the ATLAS collaboration have successfully decoded the production of top quarks with remarkable precision, shedding light on the fundamental workings of the universe.

Top quarks, recognized as the heaviest elementary particles known to science, are often produced in pairs during high-energy collisions of protons at the LHC. These collisions also yield other heavy quarks, such as bottom and charm quarks, allowing physicists to delve deeper into the intricacies of quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the theory that governs the strong force.

In two pioneering studies, the ATLAS collaboration analyzed data from LHC Run 2, which spanned from 2015 to 2018. Their objective was to measure the frequency of top-quark pair production alongside bottom quarks or charm quarks, while also investigating the detailed dynamics of these interactions.

The first study concentrated on the occurrence of top-quark pairs generated alongside