Ancient Plasmodium genomes have recently shed new light on the history of human malaria, revealing fascinating insights into the origins and spread of this disease. The study, conducted by a team of researchers from various countries, utilized high-coverage ancient mitochondrial and nuclear genome-wide data from Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, and Plasmodium malariae spanning around 5,500 years of human history.

The findings of the research indicate that P. vivax and P. falciparum were present in geographically diverse regions of Eurasia as early as the fourth and first millennia BCE, respectively. This evidence predates textual references by several millennia, highlighting the ancient origins of these malaria-causing parasites. The genomic analysis also revealed distinct disease histories for P. falciparum and P. vivax in the Americas, suggesting different routes of introduction into the region.

Interestingly, similarities between European and South American strains of P. vivax indicate that European colonizers likely brought the parasite to the Americas. On the other hand, the trans-Atlantic slave trade is believed to have introduced P. falciparum to the region. These findings underscore the significant role of cross-cultural interactions in the spread of malaria throughout history.

One particularly surprising discovery from the study was the presence of P. falciparum in the high-altitude Himalayas, challenging previous assumptions about the limits of the parasite’s geographical range. This unique case study highlights the potential impact of individual mobility on the spread of infectious diseases.

The research opens up new avenues for palaeo-epidemiological studies, providing a valuable biomolecular foundation for understanding the historical impact of Plasmodium parasites on human populations. By delving into the ancient genomes of these malaria-causing protozoa, scientists are gaining valuable insights into the complex history of one of the world’s most persistent and deadly diseases.